中国企联女企业家资源中心情况介绍

　　1 背景
1.1 总体情况
从改革开放起，中国的妇女创业开始发展。从1995年起，中国为私营企业创业提供了更加良好的政治经济环境，妇女创业形成一定规模。目前，越来越多的妇女走上了自主创业之路，但女企业家人数占企业家总数不到20%。女企业家的发展仍然存在很多局限。
当前，妇女创业不仅面临一般中小企业面临的普遍困难，也有女性本身的特殊局限。在经济转型时期，国有企业改革和产业结构调整将会长期严重影响城乡妇女的就业状况。许多妇女都想经营自己的企业，但面临很多障碍。
在目前劳动力市场供过于求的情况下，与男性相比，妇女就业更加困难。所以，为了维持生计，许多妇女开始创办自己的小企业，有的妇女参加各种形式的灵活就业。四个主要制约因素影响着妇女创业的发展：
－ 社会文化方面的局限。在中国家庭中，传统观念认为男性应该承担更多的经济责任，女性承担较多家庭责任；
－ 受教育水平和技能的局限。目前，中国城镇下岗女工中有相当一部分有从事自主经营的愿望，但文化水平普遍较低，又缺少某一方面的技能专长，因而对创业感到迷茫；
－ 市场营销方面的局限影响了妇女商业网络的拓展；
－ 金融信贷方面的局限。缺乏资金和融资困难是几乎所有女企业家在创业初期都面临的普遍问题，也是近些年妇女创业中反映最为突出的一个问题。
1.2 项目的主要战略
2003年拟成立的中国企联女企业家资源中心的目标在于解决上述女企业家，尤其是低收入的女企业家所面临的问题和困难。项目的优先目标群体是自我创业的女企业家、移民工、下岗或失业后找第一份工作者，选择的行业为服务行业。女企业家资源中心将通过有效地了解小型女企业业主的需求，提高她们自我经营和发展的能力、培养她们网络沟通技能，并同有经验的，成功的和有事业心的企业家建立联系。
成立女企业家资源中心对于中国企联和中国女企业家协会都是新开展的工作，所以通过在慈溪和上海试点，逐步地开展开创性的培训项目，通过调查、开发培训教材、培训和应用信息技术提高组织能力建设。
2 目标
2.1 发展目标
本项目的发展目标是为小企业的妇女企业家和经理提供基础培训和服务，以促进她们的市场竞争力，并提高女企业家的地位。
2.2 近期目标
1、 建立和加强中国企联女企业家资源中心内部能力建设，通过为两个城市的女性经营的企业提供培训，来开发和测试所编的培训教材，包括增加低收入群体进入其他商业发展领域例如信贷等的技能。
2、 吸收更多的女企业家成为中国企联的会员，并参与中国企联的各项活动。通过建立和试点女企业家资源中心互动网站，鼓励信息交流和建立女企业家辅导机制，促进更多的女企业家创办企业。
完成本项目后，中国企联会将女企业家资源中心的成功经验向中国其他地区推广。
3、 主要的成果和活动
成果1
包含有关键信息和中国女企业发展的简要报告。
活动：
- 中国企联起草的初步报告
- 曼谷次区级提出的建议
- 中国企联准备最终草案
- 完善中英文报告
成果2
对慈溪和上海的组织分析，其中包括性别和贫穷、企业环境和企业潜在的支持环境，与活跃的女企业家、女领导人进行会谈、实地调查经营小企业的低收入女企业家、与潜在的合作组织进行关于在慈溪和上海女企业家资源中心的参与者项目计划（PPP）会议。
活动：中国企联和国际劳工组织在慈溪和上海调研（10个工作日）
- 执行组织分析；
- 在两个城市开展参与者项目计划（PPP）会议以获取女企业家资源中心项目的支持和合作；
成果3
由中国企联女企业家资源中心《勇往直前：妇女创业》项目组制定适用于实地测试和培训者培训的中文版的国际劳工组织《勇往直前：妇女创业》培训教材。本小组由女企业家资源中心领导、中国企联和中国女企业家协会的培训师、女企业顾问和中国企联的高层管理者组成。
活动：
- 将国际劳工组织《勇往直前：妇女创业》培训教材译成中文（70,000字）；
-《勇往直前：妇女创业》委员会设计中文的培训教材如案例学习等；
- 印刷中文培训教材，并将教材内容刊登在中国企联女企业家资源中心和国际劳工组织北京局的网站上。
成果4
使用《勇往直前：妇女创业》培训教材培训，选定合作组织的培训者（20-30名）。相关的组织包括中国企联、中国女企业家协会、全国妇联、全总及其各地机构等。
活动：
- 在两个试点城市从相关机构选择培训者，获得他们的任命组织的承诺，将培训低收入女企业家作为这些组织日常的培训内容；
- 由中国企联女企业家资源中心《勇往直前：妇女创业》项目组在其中一个试点城市进行为期5天的培训者培训研讨会，对《勇往直前：妇女创业》培训教材进行实地测试。
成果5
在中国企联网站上设立互动的女企业家资源中心网页，作为信息网络，其中包括建立中国妇女创业企业之间和为妇女创业企业发展的辅导机制。
活动：
- 为女企业家资源中心设计信息网页，包括可供下载的相关培训资料；
- 建立会员单位数据库，并逐渐建立女业家和辅导专家库；
- 建立由互动电子信箱支持的日常维护的电子信件，帮助日常办公功能和电子商务。
成果6
在上海和慈溪，对300名低收入妇女进行《勇往直前：妇女创业》和企业开发服务培训，由受训的培训者在成果4（成本共同承担）上，在项目和合作组织之间，通过10个系列培训（分散在几个月内的半天或晚间讲座）进行。
活动：
- 由两个试点城市的合作伙伴组织10个《勇往直前：妇女创业》培训，并作为本组织现有培训项目的一部分，并对受培训者进行跟踪，提供企业发展服务。
成果7
总结经验，包括为低收入女企业家的培训资料的供应和支持服务、电子信息和指导专家网络等，以促进中国企联和女企业家资源中心的发展。
活动：
- 在国际劳工组织技术支持下，由中国企联女企业家资源中心完成进展报告小结（2005年1月完成，小结截至时间为2004年11月）和项目最终的英文报告（整个项目阶段），包括以下提到报告小结。最终报告也包括中国企联女企业家资源中心使用的信息；
- 由中国企联和国际劳工组织完成中国企联女企业家资源中心各项任务《勇往直前：妇女创业》项目组工作成果和培训者培训研讨会的简要英文报告；
- 在慈溪和上海参加项目的组织向中国企联女企业家资源中心递交向低收入女企业家进行的研讨会和系列培训的简要中文报告（其中包括培训的内容和参会者的名单、性别和职位）。由女企业家资源中心向国际劳工组织递交总结报告。
- 在项目结束时，在两个城市进行参与者项目计划（PPP），需要考虑所有各方讨论和撰写项目经验总结。
4 投入
4.1 中国企联
中国企联提供女企业家资源中心项目官、中国企联管理、培训者招募，支持员工协调、执行和监督在国家以及慈溪和上海开展的此项目。中国企联负责中国企联网站上的女企业家资源中心网页的维护和更新，并承担相应费用。
4.2 国际劳工组织
国际劳工组织将会提供来自曼谷次区局的技术专家（性别、雇主关系、企业发展）服务和差旅费，国际劳工组织北京局管理和财务项目官员提供服务的服务费。

中国女企业家发展报告

　　一、中国妇女创业的社会经济背景
中国妇女创业从改革开放起步，从1978年中国改革开放至1980年，大约有10%的女企业家开始注册开办企业，女企业家队伍迅速壮大是在1995年中国共产党“十五大”以后，这次会议为私营企业创造了良好的政治经济环境，妇女创业形成一定规模。综观中国妇女创业的发展，主要与以下四个方面的社会经济因素有关：

1、中国妇女在法律上同男性享有同等教育和同等劳动报酬的权利，这为妇女创业奠定了良好的社会基础。新中国成立以来，以《中华人民共和国宪法》为依据，以《中华人民共和国妇女权益保障法》为主体，包括《中华人民共和国劳动法》、 《女职工劳动保护规定》等法律法规有效地推动了妇女创业的发展。
改革开放25年来，我国妇女受教育人数不断提高；就业人数大幅度上升。妇女在社会和家庭中的地位，以及参与国家和社会事务管理的程度不断提高。截止2001年底，据全国妇联的统计，全国高等学校在校女大学生人数为302.30万人，占学生总数的42.4%。在中等专业学校就读的女生人数达216.51万人，占学生总数的55.27%。职业中学就读的女生人数为221.65.万人。在中等师范院校就读的女生为46.43万人。女性广泛的受教育水平为其未来创业和创业能力的提高打下坚实的基础。同时，在社会组织方面，全国妇联的各级组织开展的“巾帼建功”、“巾帼创新业”活动、中国女企业家协会的“杰出创业女性”等活动，都不断鼓励广大妇女以创新、创业、创造的精神为改革和现代化建设做贡献；全国31个省、市、自治区建立的“妇女再就业指导中心”等，为下岗女工提供技能、信息、岗位、法律、资金等五项援助。二十多年来，这些社会组织均通过不同的活动为妇女创业提供支持。
2、个体私营经济的发展和国家的有关鼓励政策为妇女创业提供了较好的经济环境
个体私营是妇女创业较为普遍的选择方式，也是促进妇女自我就业的重要途径。2001年中国妇女企业家协会开展了妇女企业家现状调查，在被调查的1132位女企业家中，她们的个体和私营企业占41%，（而在中国企业所有制结构中，个体和私营企业所占比例为25%）。大部分女企业家的创业活动是自党的“十五大”以后开始，“十五大”明确了“非公有制”是我国社会主义市场经济重要组成部分、“公有制为主体，多种所有制经济共同发展，是社会主义初级阶段的一项基本经济制度”。到2001年底，私营企业数已突破200万。从业人员为2714万人。国家对个体私营经济的政策支持同时，也体现对妇女创业的支持。在个体私营经济发展的过程中，一些优秀的女企业家和她们的企业也迅速成长起来。
3、产业结构调整和国有企业改革成为妇女创业的重要因素
产业结构调整和国有企业改革是90年代中国经济发展中的重要方面。长期以来，中国产业结构的主要问题是第一、第二产业比重偏重，随着知识经济兴起和信息时代的到来，传统产业对经济增长弱化。在结构调整过程中，妇女由于生理原因和在生产能力过剩行业集中就业（如纺织等）等因素，从过度冗员的国有企业下岗。以天津为例，1998年女性占天津下岗职工人数的60%。由于生计和实现个人价值等原因，下岗后的一些妇女开始创业，从事自主经营。同时，相对滞后、开始起步发展的第三产业为妇女创业提供了新的空间，2001年中国女企业家协会的调查对象中，从事服务业的女企业家占45%。
4、新经济、信息技术的出现，为创业提供了新的就业机遇
新经济、信息技术等高科技的出现，体力不再是创业和守成的一个重要因素，这为妇女创业提供了新的机会，同时，新技术也为妇女提供了更多的灵活的工作方式，使她们越来越多地进入到智力行业。来自上海的一份报告显示，目前上海私营企业女性经营业主中，从事高新技术的占18%，她们一般都有较高的学历和一定的技术专长。同时，又有对市场的敏锐把握，是促进高新技术产业发展的一只活跃力量。

二、中国妇女企业家创业的特点
从2001年中国妇女企业家协会的调查结果分析，女企业家创业主要有以下特点：：
－ 文化程度方面：大专以上教育水平的占45％。
－ 年龄分布：30-40岁占28％，40-50岁占53％，50岁以上占16％，30岁以下占2％。
－ 创业资金来源：超过33％靠个人储蓄，33％是由家庭和朋友集资，少于33％是政府支持或银行贷款。
－ 企业资产规模：在100万元人民币及以下的占34%；100—1000万元的占38%；1000万-1亿的占18%；1亿元以上的占10%。
－ 企业的产出规模：100万元人民币以及以下的占33%，100-1000万元占33%；1000万-1亿的占21%；1亿元以上的占13%，大体与企业资产规模相似，但略高，说明大部分女企业家经营管理得好。
－ 企业利润： 2000年被调查的女企业家经营的企业亏损面仅为2%。说明女企业家一旦创办起企业，就会兢兢业业地努力。
－ 工作时间： 50%左右的女企业家工作时间在10个小时以上，100%的女企业家工作时间都在8个小时以上，最长的日平均工作时间为17小时。 超过44%的女企业家没有娱乐和锻炼时间，说明女企业家在非常勤奋地、超负荷地运转。
－ 女企业家的优势：约占被调查总数53%和45%的女企业家认为理财能力和韧性是女性在创业时相对男性的优势；33％的女企业家认为在人际协调能力方面也具有一定的优势。
－ 创业动机： 80%以上的被调查者认为是个人价值的实现，不足10%的被调查者认为是其他因素，如：为了下一代、发家致富或与家人合作等。还有0.4%的被调查者认为为了扭转个人和家庭的不幸。

三、当前妇女创业所面临的主要问题和局限
目前，越来越多的妇女走上了自主从业经营之路，但女企业家人数占企业家总数不到20%，女性创业既面临当前一般中小企业面临的普遍困难，也有一些女性创业者面临特殊性问题。

1、社会文化方面的局限
在中国家庭中，传统观念认为男性应该承担更多的经济责任，女性承担较多家
庭责任。因此，女性创业这种约定俗成的家庭关系发生变化。随之带来一些新的问题。在2001年调查中，近60%的女企业家担负着照顾老人、孩子的责任和从事全部的家务劳动。她们经常要面临着平衡家庭责任和事业的矛盾，同时社会上存在的性别歧视，也弱化了他们捕捉市场机会的能力。
2、教育水平的局限
创业妇女进一步发展面临的主要障碍是缺乏现代管理经验（占调查者50%）和专业
技能知识（占调查者28%）。目前，中国城镇下岗女工中有相当一部分有从事自主经营的愿望，但文化水平普遍较低，一般只有初中、高中水平，又缺少某一方面的专长，因而对创业感到迷茫。
3、市场营销方面的局限
34%的被调查的女企业家缺乏市场营销方面的知识，这既有中国长期计划经济形成的原因，也有女性自身受传统文化影响，不愿抛头露面。此外，缺乏完善的商脉网络和必要的电子商务方面的知识，也限制了女企业家在激烈竞争的市场经济中的发展。
4、金融信贷方面的局限
资金困难是几乎所有女企业家在创业初期都面临的一个突出问题，融资难是近些年妇女创业中反映突出的一个问题，尽管中央和地方政府出台了一些支持政策，但实际收效不大。主要原因是我国城乡居民的信用制度还未建立。在中国女企业家协会的会员中，1/3会员创业资金靠个人储蓄，1/3靠家庭朋友集资，银行贷款给股份制和私营企业的比例较小，而且银行贷款政策也没有专门向支持女性创业者倾斜。
5、政策方面的限制
－ 目前出台的《中小企业法》对中小企业发展做了较完善的规范，但没有针对女性创业的关注。
－ 目前各级政府有关部门和社会组织对再就业问题非常重视，工作重点是指导就业。而对创业培训一般没有纳入工作日程。
－ 企业注册手续的繁琐和不合理的收费负担和硬性摊派也使一些女性创业的热情受到抑制。
五、中国企业联合会（CEC）对女企业家提供的支持机制和
服务。

1、中国企业联合会（CEC）的工作组织体系
中国企业联合会、中国企业家协会（“两会”简称中国企联）分别成立于1979年3月和1984年3月，是我国改革开放以来，成立较早规模较大的全国性经济类型的社会团体。“两会”前身分别是中国企业管理协会和厂长（经理）工作研究会。中国企业管理协会1999年4月更名为中国企业联合会；厂长（经理）工作研究会1988年4月更名成立中国企业家协会。中国企联实行两块牌子，一套机构，一个理事会的组织结构。顾问：由朱镕基、田纪云、黄菊、王忠禹和邓力群同志担任 ，名誉会长薄一波、袁宝华，会长陈锦华、常务副会长兼理事长张彦宁，领导成员中还有副会长81位，由各有关经济部门的领导、著名企业负责人和经济界专家学者担任，常务理事129人，理事480人，全国直属企业会员近4000家。
中国企联在全国已形成了比较完善的工作组织体系。中国企联由中国乡镇企业协会、中国外商投资企业协会、中国个体劳动者协会、中国女企业家协会、中国青年企业家协会、中国民营科技实业家协会共同发起组建的。目前中国企联共有全国性行业企业协会29家，省、自治区、直辖市企业联合会、企业家协会41家，主要工业城市企业联合会、企业家协会260多家，形成全国企联系统工作网络体系。
中国企联内部分支机构设置有：管理现代化工作委员会，古代管理思想学术委员会，管理咨询委员会，培训工作委员会，企业管理宣传工作委员会，维护企业和企业家合法权益工作委员会，企业信息工作委员会、雇主工作委员会和广告主工作委员会等二级工作委员会，分别承担为企业服务的各项职能。
中国企联日常工作机构有办公室、管理现代化办公室、雇主工作部、研究部、会员工作部、国际联络部、企业管理出版社（杂志社）、中国企业报社、中国企业管理培训中心、咨询服务中心、中国企业信息交流中心、中企联物业管理服务中心。“两会”日常工作由理事长办公会领导，设理事长一人，由张彦宁常务副会长兼任，副理事长九人。
中国企联既是代表中国企业和企业家的组织，也是代表中国雇主组织，其宗旨是“面向企业、为企业和企业家服务”，主要职责是维权、自律和服务。二十几年来，随着市场经济的发展和改革的不断深入，从服务内容到组织体系，都发生了相应变化。从推动我国企业管理现代化为主要服务内容，逐步转为既坚持原有服务内容和主要功能，又同时承担了中国雇主组织代表的职能，参与我国协调劳动关系三方机制的工作，并且代表中国雇主组织参加国际劳工大会，成为三方代表（政府、雇主、工会）的成员之一。目前，中国企联的服务内容更广泛，服务面更宽，服务任务更重。
2、企联近几年为女企业家提供的服务和培训。
－ 全力支持中国女企业家协会的工作，推动女企业家队伍的建设
中国女企业家协会是我会的代管协会，我会的各职能部门不仅支持女企协的各项工作，而且积极推荐合适的女性经营者加入女企协，壮大女企协的会员队伍，同时还在我会的理事会中积极吸收女企协的会员。我会的名誉会长袁宝华、会长陈锦华、常务副会长兼理事长张彦宁都对女企协的工作倾注了很多心血，每年都亲自参加女企协的年会，给创业的女企业家作专题报告，鼓励她们不断进取。
－ 推动女企业家诚信经营，维护女企业家的合法权益
为使企业尽快适应加入世贸组织和经济全球化趋势的发展，维护我国市场经济秩序，树立企业良好形象，提高企业竞争力，我会在地方企联的大力支持和共同努力下，结合企业的生产经营实践，广泛征求各方面意见的基础上，向会员企业发布了《企业诚信经营自律守则》，倡导企业诚信经营，严格自律，共同维护好市场秩序。在2003 中国女企业家年会上，我会会长陈锦华为女企业家作了“诚信与企业发展”的报告，与此同时，我会专门成立了维权监督委员会，开展了维权工作的调查和维权工作培训，并积极帮助解决维权个案。
－ 发挥企联优势，为女企业家提供培训、信息、咨询服务
近年来，我会围绕中国加入世贸组织、企业改制、强化企业内部管理等方面，举办了各类函授班、短期培训班、研讨班80余期；我们还为女企业家提供与女性自身有关，如女性自信心建立的培训
信息服务方面，中企联合网已链接52家团体会员，110家友好国际组织，847家企业会员网站，1万多家国内知名企业网站，网站点击率每月近20万次；
咨询服务，主要围绕企业战略发展、公司治理结构、绩效评价、人力资源开发、管理组织设计等课题对多家企业进行了专项和长期管理咨询服务。
－ 宣传女企业家的创业事迹，弘扬企业家精神
我会的出版社去年在女企协年会期间开展为女企业家的专门售书活动，深受女企业家欢迎。《中国企业报》、《企业管理》、《市场观察》杂志，围绕企业和女企业家关注的热点问题展开追踪报道。今年的三八妇女节，《中国企业报》登载了对中国女企协赵地的专访。
－ 与国际劳工组织和其他国际组织合作，开展女企业家的培训交流活动
近几年，与国际劳工组织合作在烟台、青海等地举办了对中小型女企业家，包括少数民族企业家的培训，还与各地女企协合作开展了女企业家经营状况的调研。我会每年还组织女企业家代表团参加在日本举办的女企业家创业大会。
3、中国企联2003年重点工作
－ 进一步加强三方机制建设和雇主工作
围绕当前劳动关系重点问题，开展三方机制工作；进一步加强省、市级协调劳动关系三方机制的建设，树立典型全国推广；加强对地方雇主工作的指导、协调、帮助解决一些实际困难；探索建立统计报表体系、保证信息渠道畅通。
－ 进一步加强为中小企业服务的工作力度
针对中小企业特点，了解、收集各种所有制企业信息、加强沟通、密切联系。
研究建立信用评价体系，办好信用评价讲座，为逐步建立中小企业的信息查寻、交流和共享的社会化服务提供条件。
此外，在咨询服务，中企卫星数据广播的远程培训，WTO专业人才培训工程有关教材更新等服务项目中，重点向中小企业倾斜。
－ 加强协会系统联系与合作，发挥企联系统组织优势和整
体优势，开辟新领域，增加新项目，不断创新，不断总结，不断完善，使我们已经开展的具有发展前景的服务项目，在为企业和企业家服务过程中，进一步提高知名度和影响力。

Work Plan for Women Entrepreneur Resource Center (WERC)

I. Background
1. General situation
With the economic reform and opening up of China, women in China started to open their own businesses. Since 1995, China has created the good political and economic environment for the private enterprises, and from then women-run businesses have growing fast.
Despite the fact that more and more women now begin to run their own businesses, still they account for less than 20% of the total entrepreneurs, and the prospects remain grave for women entrepreneurs. With the common difficulties facing ordinary small and mid-size enterprises, women entrepreneurs have to care about their special problems. There are four main limitations curbing the smooth development of women entrepreneurs. They are, traditional Chinese culture towards female; lacking of know-how and knowledge of running businesses. At present, too many women layoffs in China’s cities and towns really want to run their own businesses, but they had received little education before; thirdly, lacking of marketing skills to enlarge business network; fourthly, financing difficulty. Almost all the women entrepreneurs are facing problems in getting funds.
The establishment of WERC within CEC will try to deal with the above problems and difficulties facing the women entrepreneurs especially the ones from micro-enterprises. WERC (Women Enterprise Resource Center)’s main aim will be to effectively address the capacity-building, business development and networking needs of women entrepreneurs.
2. Capacity building
Since WERC is a relatively new issue for CEC and CAWE, capacity building should be set through a variety of activities such as training, workshop, website construction, research and training materials development etc. In the meanwhile, capacity building should be strengthened step by step.
II. Objectives
1. General Objective
To enhance gender equity means ensuring equal access to social and economic chances. In the transitional period, rural and urban women are and will continue to be, deeply affected by SOE reform and the reconstructing of industries. Many women want to run their own businesses but they have to confront many obstacles. WERC-CEC will establish and increase its capacity to provide business development services to micro-entrepreneurs and managers in order to foster their market competitiveness and improve their skills in business development.
2. Immediate Objective
a. Establish capacity within the WERC-CEC to provide business development services. We will carry out field study in one pilot city (Cixi) and design one model training program specified to low-come women micro-entrepreneurs to enhance their self-confidence and entrepreneurship and increase their basic knowledge of business development, then we will introduce the model program to other regions.
b. Increase capacity of WERC-CEC to design and deliver trainings related to business running and management to women entrepreneurs and managers from all levels enterprises. Basing on needs analysis, WERC will produce some trainings for women entrepreneurs to help them confront difficulties and increase their know-how in running and operating businesses. As the situation permits, we will open a stand-alone training course and introduce some topics specified to selected occupational sectors.
c. Sharpen WERC-CEC’s strength to foster positive attitudes in society especially within business community and government circles of women entrepreneurs and managers in private sector development, and achieve opportunities for the women entrepreneurs in participation of decision-making in business and government levels.
d. Increase capacity of WERC-CEC to develop network platform and database for women entrepreneurs to provide consultation and information services to them, and to establish business women interactive mentor mechanism.
III. Activities and outputs
1. Activities
a. Report on Women Entrepreneurs in China and CEC’s supporting mechanism;
b. Conducting needs and capacity assessment in Cixi through CEC and ILO-mission. At the same time, we carry out field testing on women entrepreneurship and small enterprise development in Cixi city as a pilot site, and organize field visit to some enterprises run by women entrepreneurs (about 40 participants). Translating research results into English to propagandize them to a larger scope in order to achieve the sustainable development of WERC;
c. Training programs on enterprise for low-income women and field testing in Cixi. We will introduce the training programs at the nationwide in the future.
d. Establishing WREC e-commerce website which functions as a information network of China women entrepreneurship and women entrepreneurs, and also a data base of excellent women entrepreneurs;
e. Installing Training Facilities.

Report for the Business Development of China Women Entrepreneurs
I. The Background of Business Development of China Women Entrepreneurs

With the economic reform and opening up of China, women in China started to open their own businesses. From 1978 to 1980, about 10% women began to register their own businesses, 1995 had witnessed fast growing number of women entrepreneurs. The Communist Fifth Conference created the good political and economic environment for the private enterprises, and from then the women-running businesses had some scale. The development of women entrepreneurs mainly contributes to the following social and economic factors:

Firstly, Chinese women enjoy equal rights with men in obtaining education and receiving equal pay for equal work and these laid a strong foundation for women entrepreneurs. Since the foundation of new China in 1949, the government has issued the Constitution of the People Republic of China1, Law of the People Republic of China on Protection of Rights and Interests of Women2, Labor Law of the People’s Republic of China3 and Protection Regulation for Women Workers4, all of these effectively push forward the development of women entrepreneurs.

Since the reform and opening up of China, the number of educated and employed women has increased, women’s position in families and their participation in administration for country and society have continually improved. By the end of 2001, according to the statistic of All China Women Federation, the number of women students in universities and colleges is 3.023 million, accounting for 42 .4% of the total number of students.

The number of women students in technical secondary schools is 2.265 million, the one in vocational schools is 2.21 million, and the figure in middle normal school is 464 thousand. The extensive access to education of women lays a stable foundation for their businesses and business skills. At the same time, many initiatives are undertaken by many organizations.
Such as: ‘Women Make Achievement’1, ‘Women Create New Business’2 by ACWF, ‘Excellent Women Entrepreneurs’3 by China Association of Women Entrepreneurs. All this initiatives encourage women to contribute for reform and modernization of China with the spirit of innovation, entrepreneurship and creation. ‘The Guiding Centers of Women Reemployment’, which were established in all provinces, cities and municipalities, provide support services in skills, information, job vacancies, law and financing. In the past 20 years, these social and economic organizations have strongly supported women who started their businesses.

Secondly, the development of private and individual4 economies and related government policies has provided a fairly good economic environment for women entrepreneurs.

To run private and individual enterprises is a very normal way for women. In 2000, China Association of Women Entrepreneurs conducted a survey about the status of women entrepreneurs. Among the 1132 women entrepreneurs, those run private and individual enterprises amounts to 41% (25% are private and individual enterprises among all ownerships). It is after the 15th Party Congress that most women start their businesses. During this Congress, it is clarified that non-public sector ownership is an important component for our social economy. “The public ownership is the main part of our economy, the common development of multi ownership is our basic economic system in initial period of socialism”. Up to 2001 year, the figure of individual and private enterprises has exceeded 2 million. The number of employees of individual and private enterprises has been 27.14 million. With government’s supports on the development of individual and private and efforts to women-run businesses, lots of women entrepreneurs and their businesses grow up.

Thirdly, the readjustments to the industrial structure and reform of state-owned enterprises have driven women to start their businesses.
Since the 1990s, the structural readjustment and reform of SOEs have been two major problems restricting China’s economic growth. The heavier proportion of first and secondary industries has long been the problems in China. With the coming of knowledge-based economy and information era, the role of traditional industries to the growth of economy and employment becomes less important. In the process of structural readjustment, because of their specific physiological conditions and being concentrated on some industries with surplus productivity (e.g. textile industry), women become layoffs from the state-owned enterprises with too many miscellaneous people. For example, women in Tianjin city accounted for 60% of the total laid off workers. Because of having to make livings and achieving personal value, some women started to operate their own businesses or be self-employed. At the same time, the underdeveloped service industries provide room for women’s development. In the survey mentioned above, there are 45% women entrepreneurs engaged in service industries.

Fourthly, new economic and information technology provide opportunities for women entrepreneurs.
With the coming of new economy and information, physical strength is not the major factor affecting the start of new business and success of business as it did before. At the same time, new technology provides much more flexible working means for women, and attracts them to work in the intellectual sectors. Public Policy Choice on Assisting and Promoting Women Entrepreneurship in China shows that 18% of the private women business owners are engaged in new and high-tech industries. These women usually have high levels of education, a strong research ability and good sense for the market. They are active forces in promoting the development of the new and high-tech industry in China.

II. The Characteristics of Business Development of China Women Entrepreneurs
According to the survey mentioned in the previous chapter, there are some major characteristics relating to business running of China Women entrepreneurs:
－Education Background: 45% of the women entrepreneurs being investigated received junior college education or above.
－Age: The entrepreneurs whose age are between 30-40 accounts for 28%, those who are between 40-50 accounts for 53%, these who are over 50 accounts for 16%, and these who are below 30 account for 2%.
－Capital Sources: More than 33% of entrepreneurs run their businesses by using their own savings; 33% established their businesses by the capital collected from their families and friends, less than 33% depended on government support and bank loans.
－ Assets: The enterprises with assets below 1 million RMB account for 34%; these between 1-10 million RMB account for 38%, these between 10 -100 million RMB account for 18%; those above 100 million RMB account for 10%.
－ Output volume: The enterprises with assets below 1 million RMB account for 33%; these between 1-10 million RMB account for 33%, these between 10 -100 million RMB account for 21%; those above 100 million RMB account for 13%. The proportions were similar to those of capital volume, and little higher. That means majority entrepreneurs operated smoothly.
－Profit: Among the surveyed enterprises run by women entrepreneurs in 2000, only 2% were in red ink. This fact proves the women entrepreneurs will be cautious and conscientious to their businesses once they set up their enterprises.
－Work time: About 50% of women entrepreneurs worked more than 10 hours per day, 100% worked more than 8 hours per day. The longest work time is 17 hours. More than 44% of women entrepreneurs had no leisure-time and no time to relax. This shows that women entrepreneurs worked very hard with overload jobs.
－Advantages: Among women entrepreneurs being investigated, 53% and 45% believed they had compared advantages over their men counterparts in aspects of financing and tenacity. 33% believed that they also had advantages in personal relationship coordination.
－Business development motivation: 80% of those being surveyed believed that business running is the realization of individual value, less than 10% had other reasons, such as for the next generation, getting rich or cooperating with family numbers. Another 0.4% believed that business development could change fortune or family bad situations.

III. Major problems and barriers facing women entrepreneurs currently

Nowadays, more and more women begin to run their own businesses, but they still account for a small proportion of the total entrepreneurs. With the common difficulties facing ordinary small and medium enterprises to worry about, women entrepreneurs had to care about their special problems.

1. Barriers of society and culture
In traditional Chinese families, it is believed that men should shoulder the economic responsibility of the family and women should pay more attention to housework. While traditional family relationship has changed, new problems occur. In the 2000 Survey, near 60% of women entrepreneurs had to take care of old people and children, and also do all housework. They had to balance the family and business. At the same time, gender discrimination had weakened their abilities to catch up market chances.

2. Barriers of education level
According to the survey, the further development obstacles women entrepreneurs had to face were lack of modern management experiences (50%) and shortage of professional expertise and knowledge (28%). At present, some women layoffs in China’s cities and towns really want to run their own businesses, but they had received little education before. They just had the literacy of junior high school or senior high school, also had short expertise, so they worried about their future.

3. Barriers of marketing
According to the 2000 survey, 34% of the women entrepreneurs had less knowledge about marketing. This was caused by long time of planned economy of China as well as the traditional culture, so some women do not want to go out to do marketing. In addition, incomplete business network and lacking for necessary knowledge about the e-business prevented the development of women entrepreneurs in the severe competition.

4. Barriers of financing
Almost all women entrepreneurs have to face the difficulty of capital, financing problem is also very obvious. Although the central and regional governments have some policies to support women entrepreneurs in some cities and regions, the effectiveness is limited. The main reasons lie in the accountability system, which is not established in Chinese cities and towns. Among the members of China Association Women Entrepreneurs (CAWE), about 1/3 of the members developed their businesses by their own savings, 1/3 by the money collected from their families and friends. Banks loans accounted for a small percentage of capital among small stock companies and private enterprises, also there were no special policies favoring the financing of women entrepreneurs.

5. Barriers of policies
－The newly issued “Law of Small and Medium Enterprises”1 has provided a relatively complete regulation to the development of small and medium enterprises, while no concern has given to women entrepreneurs.
－At present, the related departments of governments at different levels and social organizations pay close attention to the re-employment and layoff problems, but there is no concrete work plan on trainings of entrepreneurship promotion.
－The fussy procedure of enterprise registration, unreasonable toll and compulsory apportions constrict women’s passion to run their own businesses.

IV. CEC’s support mechanism and services to help women Entrepreneurs

1. CEC system
China Enterprise Confederation (CEC) and China Enterprise Directors Association (CEDA) were established in March 1979 and March 1984 respectively, and were two largest social groups concerning economy in China. The two organizations were formerly named China Enterprise Management Association and Research Institute of Directors (Managers) respectively. China Enterprise Management Association renamed China Enterprise Confederation in April 1999, and Research Institute of Directors (Managers) renamed China Enterprise Directors Association in April 1988. CEC had adapted “one system, two names under one general council”. The Advisors of CEC/CEDA are Zhu Rongji, Tian Jiyun, Huang Ju, Wang Zhongyu and Deng Liqun. The Honorable Presidents are Bo Yibo, Yuan Bohua. The President is Chen Jinhua, and Executive Vice-President and Director General is Zhang Yanning. There are also 81 Vice-Presidents from leaders of related economic departments, famous enterprises and some are economic experts. CEC/CEDA also has 129 Executive Director Generals, 480 Director Generals and near 4000 direct members nationwide.
CEC has established comparatively well-organized system in China. CEC composes of China Association of Township Enterprises (CATE), China Association of Enterprises with Foreign Investment (CAEFI), China Individual Laborers' Association (CILA), China Association of Women Entrepreneurs (CAWE), China Young Entrepreneurs Association (CYEA) and China Association of Private-Owned Science and Technology Enterprises (CAPOSTE).
Today CEC/CEDA composes of 29 members of associations at nation level, 41 of confederations and associations of provinces, autonomous regions and municipal cities under central government, and 260 members of industrial cities and regions. All the above members constitute the CEC’s working network system.
The internal committees within CEC are: Committee of Management Modernization, Committee of Ancient Management Thoughts, Committee of Management Consultancy, Committee of Enterprise Management Propaganda, Committee for Safeguarding the Legitimate Rights and Interests of Enterprises and Entrepreneurs, Committee of Employers, Committee of Enterprise Information and Committee of Advertisers. The above committees are second-level organizations under CEC, and they provide all kinds of services to enterprises.

The CEC’s working departments are: Administrative Office, Management Modernization Office, Employer Department, Research Department, Membership Department, International Department, Enterprise Management Publishing House, China Enterprise Newspaper Press, China Enterprise Management Training Center, Consulting Center, China Enterprise Information Exchange Center, CEC Real Estate Management Center. The routine work of CEC/CEDA is carried out by Director-General Office, which composes of one Director-General and nine Deputy Director-Generals. The Director-General of CEC is Zhan Yanning who is also the Executive Vice-president of CEC.
CEC is not only the organization representing China’s enterprises and entrepreneurs, but also the one representing China’s employers’ organizations. CEC’s vision is “ Working for enterprises, and providing services to enterprises and entrepreneurs”, and CEC’s main responsibilities are safeguarding the rights and interests, pushing forward self-discipline of the enterprises and entrepreneurs and providing services for them. For more than 20 years, the service content and organization system of CEC have changed with the development of market economy and deepening reform of China. With pushing forward the development of management modernization of China’s enterprises as its main task, CEC has changed its function to preserve its former services as well as be the representative of China enterprise organizations to participate in the National Tripartite Committee on Labor Relations and to attend ILO conference. At current, CEC provides more services, and at the same time shoulders more responsibilities.
2. CEC’s services and trainings for women entrepreneurs in recent years
－ CEC has fully supported the development of China Association of Women Entrepreneurs (CAWE) to push forward its team building.
CAWE is under administration of CEC. CEC has not only provided supports to CAWE, but also nominate women entrepreneurs to join into CAWE to enlarge the members’ group. Meanwhile, CEC has actively attracted members from its General Council to join CAWE. The leaders of CEC, Honorary President Yuan Baohua, President Chen Jinhua, Executive President and Director-General Zhang Yanning have paid attention to the development of CAWE. They attend annual meeting of CAWE and make specific reports to encourage women entrepreneurs to make progress.

－ Enhancing women entrepreneurs to operate with honesty and accountability, and safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of women entrepreneurs.
In order to adapt China’s entry to WTO and trend of Globalization of economy, and to protect safe order of China’s marketing economy, to promote the enterprises’ public images and sharpen their competitiveness, CEC, with the support and cooperation of regional enterprise confederations, has stipulated “Self-Disciplinary Principles for Enterprise Operation with Honesty and Accountability” to which all enterprises should operate honestly and accountably, run businesses with strict self-discipline, and safeguard the market order safely. At 2003 China Women Entrepreneurs Annual Conference, the president of CEC Chen Jinhua had made a speech titled “ Honesty & Accountability and Enterprise Development”. At the same time, CEC had established the Supervision Committee for Safeguarding the Legitimate Rights and Interests of Enterprises and Entrepreneurs that carries out some researches and provides trainings related safeguarding legitimate rights and interests, and solve some specific cases for man entrepreneurs and women entrepreneurs.
－ Exerting CEC’s advantages to provide trainings, information and consulting services for women entrepreneurs
In recent years, CEC has hold 80 courses of different kinds such as correspondence courses, short-term training courses and seminars. CEC also provides special trainings related to women, such as training for building up the self-confidence of women.
In information services aspect, the official website of CEC has set up linkage with the websites of 52 group members, 110 international organizations, 847 enterprise members and more than 10,000 famous domestic enterprises. The visit times to CEC website is near 20,000 times per month.
As to consulting service, CEC provides specific and long-term management consulting services for enterprises including women-run enterprises; the topics involve enterprise strategic development, enterprise governance structure, performance appraisal, human resource development, organization design etc.

－ Propagandizing the success stories of women entrepreneurs and advocating the entrepreneur spirit
CEC’s publishing house had held book sales activities specified to women entrepreneurs during annual conference of CAWE, and women entrepreneurs welcomed such event. ‘China Enterprise Newspaper’, ‘Enterprise Management Magazine’ and ‘Market Observation Magazine’ have made tracing reports on the hot issues concerned by women entrepreneurs. On 8th March Women’s Day this year, China Enterprise Newspaper had published the special interview of Zhao Di who is president of CAWE.

－ Cooperating with ILO and other international organizations to develop women entrepreneurs trainings and exchange activities
In recent years, CEC has cooperated with ILO to carry out trainings specified to women entrepreneurs from small and medium enterprises, including these from minorities in Beijing, Qing Hai and other regions. We also cooperate with the local enterprise confederations to carry out investigations related to the status of women entrepreneurs. CEC also organizes the delegation of women entrepreneurs to attend “Women Entrepreneurs Conference” held in Japan annually.

3. CEC’s main work of 2003
－To deeply strengthen the establishment of Tripartite Mechanism and enhance the Employers’ work, to carry out Tripartite work around important problems of labor relations; to push forward the establishment of Tripartite Mechanism at the provincial and city level, set up and promote good samples to the whole nation; to guide, coordinate and support local employer’s work, and solve some actual problems for them; to build up statistical report form system in order to ensure the fluent information channel.
－To enhance the work to small and medium enterprises; to learn and collect information from enterprises of all kinds of ownership, and to strengthen the exchanges and communications among them; to establish the credit valuation system; to carry out credit valuation lectures. The system will provide convenience for small and medium companies with information search, information exchange and sharing. In addition, CEC will take some adjustments among CEC satellite broadcasting long-distance trainings and courses related to WTO professional talents training in order to welcome the small and medium enterprises.
－To strengthen the communication and cooperation among CEC/CEDA system, and exert full advantages to exploit new areas, open new projects. CEC will adjust its functions to create some new services to improve its reputation and influence among enterprises and entrepreneurs.

With the economic reform and opening up of China, women in China started to open their own businesses. From 1978 to 1980, about 10% women began to register their own businesses, 1995 had witnessed fast growing number of women entrepreneurs. The Communist Fifth Conference created the good political and economic environment for the private enterprises, and from then the women-running businesses had some scale. The development of women entrepreneurs mainly contributes to the following social and economic factors:

Firstly, Chinese women enjoy equal rights with men in obtaining education and receiving equal pay for equal work and these laid a strong foundation for women entrepreneurs. Since the foundation of new China in 1949, the government has issued the Constitution of the People Republic of China1, Law of the People Republic of China on Protection of Rights and Interests of Women2, Labor Law of the People’s Republic of China3 and Protection Regulation for Women Workers4, all of these effectively push forward the development of women entrepreneurs.

Since the reform and opening up of China, the number of educated and employed women has increased, women’s position in families and their participation in administration for country and society have continually improved. By the end of 2001, according to the statistic of All China Women Federation, the number of women students in universities and colleges is 3.023 million, accounting for 42 .4% of the total number of students.

The number of women students in technical secondary schools is 2.265 million, the one in vocational schools is 2.21 million, and the figure in middle normal school is 464 thousand. The extensive access to education of women lays a stable foundation for their businesses and business skills. At the same time, many initiatives are undertaken by many organizations.
Such as: ‘Women Make Achievement’1, ‘Women Create New Business’2 by ACWF, ‘Excellent Women Entrepreneurs’3 by China Association of Women Entrepreneurs. All this initiatives encourage women to contribute for reform and modernization of China with the spirit of innovation, entrepreneurship and creation. ‘The Guiding Centers of Women Reemployment’, which were established in all provinces, cities and municipalities, provide support services in skills, information, job vacancies, law and financing. In the past 20 years, these social and economic organizations have strongly supported women who started their businesses.

Secondly, the development of private and individual4 economies and related government policies has provided a fairly good economic environment for women entrepreneurs.

To run private and individual enterprises is a very normal way for women. In 2000, China Association of Women Entrepreneurs conducted a survey about the status of women entrepreneurs. Among the 1132 women entrepreneurs, those run private and individual enterprises amounts to 41% (25% are private and individual enterprises among all ownerships). It is after the 15th Party Congress that most women start their businesses. During this Congress, it is clarified that non-public sector ownership is an important component for our social economy. “The public ownership is the main part of our economy, the common development of multi ownership is our basic economic system in initial period of socialism”. Up to 2001 year, the figure of individual and private enterprises has exceeded 2 million. The number of employees of individual and private enterprises has been 27.14 million. With government’s supports on the development of individual and private and efforts to women-run businesses, lots of women entrepreneurs and their businesses grow up.

Thirdly, the readjustments to the industrial structure and reform of state-owned enterprises have driven women to start their businesses.
Since the 1990s, the structural readjustment and reform of SOEs have been two major problems restricting China’s economic growth. The heavier proportion of first and secondary industries has long been the problems in China. With the coming of knowledge-based economy and information era, the role of traditional industries to the growth of economy and employment becomes less important. In the process of structural readjustment, because of their specific physiological conditions and being concentrated on some industries with surplus productivity (e.g. textile industry), women become layoffs from the state-owned enterprises with too many miscellaneous people. For example, women in Tianjin city accounted for 60% of the total laid off workers. Because of having to make livings and achieving personal value, some women started to operate their own businesses or be self-employed. At the same time, the underdeveloped service industries provide room for women’s development. In the survey mentioned above, there are 45% women entrepreneurs engaged in service industries.

Fourthly, new economic and information technology provide opportunities for women entrepreneurs.
With the coming of new economy and information, physical strength is not the major factor affecting the start of new business and success of business as it did before. At the same time, new technology provides much more flexible working means for women, and attracts them to work in the intellectual sectors. Public Policy Choice on Assisting and Promoting Women Entrepreneurship in China shows that 18% of the private women business owners are engaged in new and high-tech industries. These women usually have high levels of education, a strong research ability and good sense for the market. They are active forces in promoting the development of the new and high-tech industry in China.

II. The Characteristics of Business Development of China Women Entrepreneurs
According to the survey mentioned in the previous chapter, there are some major characteristics relating to business running of China Women entrepreneurs:
－Education Background: 45% of the women entrepreneurs being investigated received junior college education or above.
－Age: The entrepreneurs whose age are between 30-40 accounts for 28%, those who are between 40-50 accounts for 53%, these who are over 50 accounts for 16%, and these who are below 30 account for 2%.
－Capital Sources: More than 33% of entrepreneurs run their businesses by using their own savings; 33% established their businesses by the capital collected from their families and friends, less than 33% depended on government support and bank loans.
－ Assets: The enterprises with assets below 1 million RMB account for 34%; these between 1-10 million RMB account for 38%, these between 10 -100 million RMB account for 18%; those above 100 million RMB account for 10%.
－ Output volume: The enterprises with assets below 1 million RMB account for 33%; these between 1-10 million RMB account for 33%, these between 10 -100 million RMB account for 21%; those above 100 million RMB account for 13%. The proportions were similar to those of capital volume, and little higher. That means majority entrepreneurs operated smoothly.
－Profit: Among the surveyed enterprises run by women entrepreneurs in 2000, only 2% were in red ink. This fact proves the women entrepreneurs will be cautious and conscientious to their businesses once they set up their enterprises.
－Work time: About 50% of women entrepreneurs worked more than 10 hours per day, 100% worked more than 8 hours per day. The longest work time is 17 hours. More than 44% of women entrepreneurs had no leisure-time and no time to relax. This shows that women entrepreneurs worked very hard with overload jobs.
－Advantages: Among women entrepreneurs being investigated, 53% and 45% believed they had compared advantages over their men counterparts in aspects of financing and tenacity. 33% believed that they also had advantages in personal relationship coordination.
－Business development motivation: 80% of those being surveyed believed that business running is the realization of individual value, less than 10% had other reasons, such as for the next generation, getting rich or cooperating with family numbers. Another 0.4% believed that business development could change fortune or family bad situations.

III. Major problems and barriers facing women entrepreneurs currently

Nowadays, more and more women begin to run their own businesses, but they still account for a small proportion of the total entrepreneurs. With the common difficulties facing ordinary small and medium enterprises to worry about, women entrepreneurs had to care about their special problems.

1. Barriers of society and culture
In traditional Chinese families, it is believed that men should shoulder the economic responsibility of the family and women should pay more attention to housework. While traditional family relationship has changed, new problems occur. In the 2000 Survey, near 60% of women entrepreneurs had to take care of old people and children, and also do all housework. They had to balance the family and business. At the same time, gender discrimination had weakened their abilities to catch up market chances.

2. Barriers of education level
According to the survey, the further development obstacles women entrepreneurs had to face were lack of modern management experiences (50%) and shortage of professional expertise and knowledge (28%). At present, some women layoffs in China’s cities and towns really want to run their own businesses, but they had received little education before. They just had the literacy of junior high school or senior high school, also had short expertise, so they worried about their future.

3. Barriers of marketing
According to the 2000 survey, 34% of the women entrepreneurs had less knowledge about marketing. This was caused by long time of planned economy of China as well as the traditional culture, so some women do not want to go out to do marketing. In addition, incomplete business network and lacking for necessary knowledge about the e-business prevented the development of women entrepreneurs in the severe competition.

4. Barriers of financing
Almost all women entrepreneurs have to face the difficulty of capital, financing problem is also very obvious. Although the central and regional governments have some policies to support women entrepreneurs in some cities and regions, the effectiveness is limited. The main reasons lie in the accountability system, which is not established in Chinese cities and towns. Among the members of China Association Women Entrepreneurs (CAWE), about 1/3 of the members developed their businesses by their own savings, 1/3 by the money collected from their families and friends. Banks loans accounted for a small percentage of capital among small stock companies and private enterprises, also there were no special policies favoring the financing of women entrepreneurs.

5. Barriers of policies
－The newly issued “Law of Small and Medium Enterprises”1 has provided a relatively complete regulation to the development of small and medium enterprises, while no concern has given to women entrepreneurs.
－At present, the related departments of governments at different levels and social organizations pay close attention to the re-employment and layoff problems, but there is no concrete work plan on trainings of entrepreneurship promotion.
－The fussy procedure of enterprise registration, unreasonable toll and compulsory apportions constrict women’s passion to run their own businesses.

IV. CEC’s support mechanism and services to help women Entrepreneurs

1. CEC system
China Enterprise Confederation (CEC) and China Enterprise Directors Association (CEDA) were established in March 1979 and March 1984 respectively, and were two largest social groups concerning economy in China. The two organizations were formerly named China Enterprise Management Association and Research Institute of Directors (Managers) respectively. China Enterprise Management Association renamed China Enterprise Confederation in April 1999, and Research Institute of Directors (Managers) renamed China Enterprise Directors Association in April 1988. CEC had adapted “one system, two names under one general council”. The Advisors of CEC/CEDA are Zhu Rongji, Tian Jiyun, Huang Ju, Wang Zhongyu and Deng Liqun. The Honorable Presidents are Bo Yibo, Yuan Bohua. The President is Chen Jinhua, and Executive Vice-President and Director General is Zhang Yanning. There are also 81 Vice-Presidents from leaders of related economic departments, famous enterprises and some are economic experts. CEC/CEDA also has 129 Executive Director Generals, 480 Director Generals and near 4000 direct members nationwide.
CEC has established comparatively well-organized system in China. CEC composes of China Association of Township Enterprises (CATE), China Association of Enterprises with Foreign Investment (CAEFI), China Individual Laborers' Association (CILA), China Association of Women Entrepreneurs (CAWE), China Young Entrepreneurs Association (CYEA) and China Association of Private-Owned Science and Technology Enterprises (CAPOSTE).
Today CEC/CEDA composes of 29 members of associations at nation level, 41 of confederations and associations of provinces, autonomous regions and municipal cities under central government, and 260 members of industrial cities and regions. All the above members constitute the CEC’s working network system.
The internal committees within CEC are: Committee of Management Modernization, Committee of Ancient Management Thoughts, Committee of Management Consultancy, Committee of Enterprise Management Propaganda, Committee for Safeguarding the Legitimate Rights and Interests of Enterprises and Entrepreneurs, Committee of Employers, Committee of Enterprise Information and Committee of Advertisers. The above committees are second-level organizations under CEC, and they provide all kinds of services to enterprises.

The CEC’s working departments are: Administrative Office, Management Modernization Office, Employer Department, Research Department, Membership Department, International Department, Enterprise Management Publishing House, China Enterprise Newspaper Press, China Enterprise Management Training Center, Consulting Center, China Enterprise Information Exchange Center, CEC Real Estate Management Center. The routine work of CEC/CEDA is carried out by Director-General Office, which composes of one Director-General and nine Deputy Director-Generals. The Director-General of CEC is Zhan Yanning who is also the Executive Vice-president of CEC.
CEC is not only the organization representing China’s enterprises and entrepreneurs, but also the one representing China’s employers’ organizations. CEC’s vision is “ Working for enterprises, and providing services to enterprises and entrepreneurs”, and CEC’s main responsibilities are safeguarding the rights and interests, pushing forward self-discipline of the enterprises and entrepreneurs and providing services for them. For more than 20 years, the service content and organization system of CEC have changed with the development of market economy and deepening reform of China. With pushing forward the development of management modernization of China’s enterprises as its main task, CEC has changed its function to preserve its former services as well as be the representative of China enterprise organizations to participate in the National Tripartite Committee on Labor Relations and to attend ILO conference. At current, CEC provides more services, and at the same time shoulders more responsibilities.
2. CEC’s services and trainings for women entrepreneurs in recent years
－ CEC has fully supported the development of China Association of Women Entrepreneurs (CAWE) to push forward its team building.
CAWE is under administration of CEC. CEC has not only provided supports to CAWE, but also nominate women entrepreneurs to join into CAWE to enlarge the members’ group. Meanwhile, CEC has actively attracted members from its General Council to join CAWE. The leaders of CEC, Honorary President Yuan Baohua, President Chen Jinhua, Executive President and Director-General Zhang Yanning have paid attention to the development of CAWE. They attend annual meeting of CAWE and make specific reports to encourage women entrepreneurs to make progress.

－ Enhancing women entrepreneurs to operate with honesty and accountability, and safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of women entrepreneurs.
In order to adapt China’s entry to WTO and trend of Globalization of economy, and to protect safe order of China’s marketing economy, to promote the enterprises’ public images and sharpen their competitiveness, CEC, with the support and cooperation of regional enterprise confederations, has stipulated “Self-Disciplinary Principles for Enterprise Operation with Honesty and Accountability” to which all enterprises should operate honestly and accountably, run businesses with strict self-discipline, and safeguard the market order safely. At 2003 China Women Entrepreneurs Annual Conference, the president of CEC Chen Jinhua had made a speech titled “ Honesty & Accountability and Enterprise Development”. At the same time, CEC had established the Supervision Committee for Safeguarding the Legitimate Rights and Interests of Enterprises and Entrepreneurs that carries out some researches and provides trainings related safeguarding legitimate rights and interests, and solve some specific cases for man entrepreneurs and women entrepreneurs.
－ Exerting CEC’s advantages to provide trainings, information and consulting services for women entrepreneurs
In recent years, CEC has hold 80 courses of different kinds such as correspondence courses, short-term training courses and seminars. CEC also provides special trainings related to women, such as training for building up the self-confidence of women.
In information services aspect, the official website of CEC has set up linkage with the websites of 52 group members, 110 international organizations, 847 enterprise members and more than 10,000 famous domestic enterprises. The visit times to CEC website is near 20,000 times per month.
As to consulting service, CEC provides specific and long-term management consulting services for enterprises including women-run enterprises; the topics involve enterprise strategic development, enterprise governance structure, performance appraisal, human resource development, organization design etc.

－ Propagandizing the success stories of women entrepreneurs and advocating the entrepreneur spirit
CEC’s publishing house had held book sales activities specified to women entrepreneurs during annual conference of CAWE, and women entrepreneurs welcomed such event. ‘China Enterprise Newspaper’, ‘Enterprise Management Magazine’ and ‘Market Observation Magazine’ have made tracing reports on the hot issues concerned by women entrepreneurs. On 8th March Women’s Day this year, China Enterprise Newspaper had published the special interview of Zhao Di who is president of CAWE.

－ Cooperating with ILO and other international organizations to develop women entrepreneurs trainings and exchange activities
In recent years, CEC has cooperated with ILO to carry out trainings specified to women entrepreneurs from small and medium enterprises, including these from minorities in Beijing, Qing Hai and other regions. We also cooperate with the local enterprise confederations to carry out investigations related to the status of women entrepreneurs. CEC also organizes the delegation of women entrepreneurs to attend “Women Entrepreneurs Conference” held in Japan annually.

3. CEC’s main work of 2003
－To deeply strengthen the establishment of Tripartite Mechanism and enhance the Employers’ work, to carry out Tripartite work around important problems of labor relations; to push forward the establishment of Tripartite Mechanism at the provincial and city level, set up and promote good samples to the whole nation; to guide, coordinate and support local employer’s work, and solve some actual problems for them; to build up statistical report form system in order to ensure the fluent information channel.
－To enhance the work to small and medium enterprises; to learn and collect information from enterprises of all kinds of ownership, and to strengthen the exchanges and communications among them; to establish the credit valuation system; to carry out credit valuation lectures. The system will provide convenience for small and medium companies with information search, information exchange and sharing. In addition, CEC will take some adjustments among CEC satellite broadcasting long-distance trainings and courses related to WTO professional talents training in order to welcome the small and medium enterprises.
－To strengthen the communication and cooperation among CEC/CEDA system, and exert full advantages to exploit new areas, open new projects. CEC will adjust its functions to create some new services to improve its reputation and influence among enterprises and entrepreneurs.

GET Ahead 企业女性培训手册（目录）

GET Ahead for Women in Enterprise（contents）